what is a tabernacle used for

It is commonly used as a way to amplify an emotion, most often a negative one, meaning it can be a form of insult. Thus Marks simplified account omits any account of Yeshuas birth or preexistence and centers on his work as a servant who purifies the [people of the nations]., White symbolizes the righteousness of Yeshua. Nglish: Translation of tabernacle for Spanish Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about tabernacle. The hands and feet represent the entire body since they are the highest and lowest parts of the body. ( Exodus 25:1-8 ; 35:4-29 ; 36:5-7 ) The superintendence of the work was intrusted to Bezaleel, of the tribe of Judah, and to Aholiab, of the tribe of Dan, who were skilled in "all manner of workmanship." The building has a sandstone foundation, and the dome is supported by forty-four sandstone piers. ( often initial capital letter) the portable sanctuary in use by the Israelites from the time of their wandering in the wilderness after the Exodus from Egypt to the building of the Temple in Jerusalem by Solomon. The walls of the tabernacle were constructed of vertical boards (20 on a side and 6 on the back) and were made of acacia wood covered in gold held sitting in silver bases. In the third month of Sivan, Moses went up to meet God on Sinai, and during this time, he was given the plans for the Tabernacle and committed to having it constructed even as Mary had agreed to have Jesus formed in her womb. Hebrew Names for the Tabernacle. Exodus has 13 chapters devoted to the Tabernacle. The door of the outer court curtain contained three colors woven into white linen fabric: blue, purple, crimson, and white. (4) The altar of burnt offering, standing before the tabernacle was a perpetual symbol of the atonement,--the greatness of sin, deserving death, hard to be removed and yet forgiveness possible, and offered freely, but only through blood. It has been commonly supposed that these coverings were thrown over the wall, as a pall is thrown over a coffin; but this would have allowed every drop of rain that fell on the tabernacle to fall through; for, however tightly the curtains might be stretched, the water could never run over the edge, and the sheep-skins would only make the matter worse as when wetted their weight would depress the centre and probably tear any curtain that could be made. These loaves were replaced with fresh loaves every Sabbath (Lev 25:59). Inside the ark was the golden pot of manna, which points to Yeshua who the bread of lifethe Word of Elohim made flesh. The Tabernacle was built between 1864 and 1867 on the west center-line axis of the Salt Lake Temple. Moreover, the Levites camped around the tabernacle forming a protective perimeter between the Israelites and the tabernacle itself (Num 1:53), even as Yeshua provided the five-fold ministry of apostle, prophet, evangelist, shepherd or pastor and teacher to surround the church, to edify the body of Yeshua and to bring them into the unity of the faith (Eph 4:11). mishkan )was constructed circa 1450 b.c. The inner structure was comprised of gold-plated planks linked together and standing on edge. According to Hebrew roots commentator and linguistic scholar James Trimm, Mark presents the Messiah as the servant (the servant who purifies the Goyim in Isa 52:13, 15) the my servant the Branch of Zech 3:8 who is symbolized by the face of the Ox in Ezekiel 1 (the Ox being a servant, a beast of burden). 1 : a house of worship specifically : a large building or tent used for evangelistic services 2 : a receptacle for the consecrated elements of the Eucharist especially : an ornamental locked box used for reserving the Communion hosts 3 a often capitalized : a tent sanctuary used by the Israelites during the Exodus b archaic : a dwelling place c Then, after a three-chapter interlude dealing with the golden calf episode and its aftermath, chapter 35 resumes the story of the tabernacle, reporting how the complex was built. P. F. Kiene, The Tabernacle of God in the Wilderness of Sinai; M. Levine, The Tabernacle: Its Structure and Utensils; S. F. Olford, The Tabernacle: Camping with God; S. Ridout, Lectures on the Tabernacle; A. [10] The roof structure was nine feet thick, formed by a "Remington lattice truss" of timbers pinned together with wooden pegs. The veil or parochet divided between the holy or set-apart place and the holy of holies or most set-apart place. Leviticus has 18 chapters devoted to the Tabernacle. the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "After Two Years of Work, an Updated Tabernacle", "The Remarkable Acoustics of the Salt Lake Tabernacle", "Introduction to The Tabernacle: "An Old and Wonderful Friend", "12 Times U.S. Presidents Spoke in the Tabernacle", "The Woman's Exponent 1895-06-01 vol. The veil separating these two chambers was a double curtain of the finest workmanship, which was never passed except by the high priest once a year, on the great Day of Atonement. The talithe (also talit) or prayer shawlworn by Jewish men is an examples of YHVHs people tabernacling with him. He realized that the tabernacle and the sacrificial system were simply symbolic of an eternal reality. Ogden Utah Tabernacle (Ogden) Essential Tips and Information - Trek Zone What then is to be done? Now it lies broken in the presence of God, calling out for justice. The most significant symbolism is surely that found in the arrangement of spaces and objects. To be sure, some translations have God sitting "upon" the cherubim, but the Hebrew does not use the preposition "upon." This raises the possibility that Yeshua was born in a festival sukkah during the feast of Sukkotnot just an animal barn. Examples of YHVHs People Tabernacling With Him. Elohist account Exodus 33:7-10 refers to "the tabernacle of the congregation" (in some translations, such as the King James Version) or "the tent of meeting" (in most modern translations), [10] which was set up outside of camp, with the pillars of fire and cloud visible at its door when God spoke to Moses. ( 1Samuel 4:22 ) From this time forward the glory of the tabernacle was gone. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! The first encampment of the Israelites after crossing the Jordan was at Gilgal, and there the tabernacle remained for seven years ( Joshua 4:19 ). [11] When the roof's structural work was completed, sheeting was applied on the roof, which was then covered with shingles. However, the main lines are clear enough. --The materials were-- (a) Metals: gold, silver and brass. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. Through the empowerment of the Spiritboth the fruits and the giftsthe saints were able take the light of the gospel out to the world. The furniture of the court was connected with sacrifice; that of the sanctuary itself with the deeper mysteries of mediation and access to God. 365 Days with C.H. Tabernacle - The tabernacle is a special box which is located behind the altar. Tabernacle Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com The people gave jewels, and plates of gold and silver and brass; wood, skins, hair and linen; the women wove; the rulers offered precious stones, oil, spices and incense; and the artists soon had more than they needed. It was only passed by the high priest once a year, on the Day of Atonement in token of the mediation of Christ, who with his own blood hath entered for us within the veil which separates Gods own abode from earth. Trimm writes, Matthew presents his account of Yeshuas life as a Midrash to the Pharisees, as a continuing story tied to various passages from the Tanakh (for example Matt 2:1315 presents an allegorical understanding of Hos 11:1). His followers are connected to him, draw sustenance from him, and the spiritual light of their lives point toward him in all that they do. Apparently first applied to the interim tent where Moses met God before the tabernacle was complete ( 33:7 ), the phrase aptly sums up the function of the tabernacle. Therefore, in Christian traditions, a tabernacle church is best described as a . Within it were placed the altar of burnt offering, which measured 7 1/2 feet in length and breadth and 4 1/2 feet high, with horns at the four corners, and the laver of brass ( Exodus 30:18 ), which stood between the altar and the tabernacle. The cups were called lamps and each was filled with the purest olive oil and contained a wick that was lit. The two stone tablets and the Torah scroll speak of the Yeshua who was the Word of Elohim from the foundation of the world (John 1:1,14), and whose words or instructions in righteousness the saints are instructed to follow (John 14:15; 1John 2:36; Rev 12:17; 14:12). ( Numbers 9:15-23 ) It was always the special meeting-place of Jehovah and his people. The accents of gold and silver that occurred throughout the structure speak of the riches of the divine kingdom and its blessings. The color white, which was especially prominent in the linen curtains of the court, calls attention to the purity of God and the necessary purity of those who would live in his presence. That tabernacle was to be situated just to the West of the Nauvoo Temple and was to be oval shaped, much the same as the Salt Lake Tabernacle. The whole tabernacle was completed in seven months. They were set in heavy bronze (or brass) bases topped by silver capitals. The term "tabernacle" has roots in both Judaism and Christianity and is also used to describe an ornamental locked box used to hold communion hosts. The laver of bronze was a wash basin used by priests in the tabernacle in the wilderness, as a place where they cleansed their hands and feet. Covering the ark was a golden cap called the mercy seat or kapporet and is related to the word kippur as in Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. "[23], In 1980, James Stewart guest-conducted the Tabernacle Choir in the building as part of the filming of Mr. Krueger's Christmas, a television special broadcast on NBC. / It was fucking beautiful! tabernacle, a house or dwelling-place ( Job 5:24; 18:6, etc.). [ALTAR; SHEW-BREAD; CANDLESTICK CANDLESTICK ] In the holy of holies, within the veil, and shrouded in darkness, there was but one object, the ark of the covenant, containing the two tables of stone, inscribed with the Ten Commandments. The Tabernacle was built from 1863 to 1875 to house meetings for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and was the location of the church's semi-annual general conference until the meeting was moved to the new and larger LDS Conference Center in 2000. The third covering was of rams' skins dyed red, and the fourth was of badgers' skins (Heb. Matthew presents Messiah as the King Messiah, the Branch of David (Jer 23:5-6 and Is. [10], The Tabernacle was closed from January 2005 to March 2007 for seismic retrofitting and extensive renovations. An opening gala concert with the Tabernacle Choir was held on April 67, 2007.[21]. Blue speaks of God's transcendence; purple, of his royalty; and red, of the blood that must be shed if a holy God is ever to live with a sinful human. Bronze speaks of Elohims judgment and five can speak of both the five books of YHVHs Torah as well as the five-fold ministry the purpose of which is to ground YHVHs people in his Torah-instructions in righteousness. Some Bible commentators believe this points to the Gospel of John, which reveals the nature of Yeshua at the sod (the mystical) level of biblical understanding. and Revised King James Version, "Siccuth") For usage information, please read the Baker Book House Copyright Statement. (Most of the time.). What is a Tabernacle? - St. Anthony's Catholic Church "[10], After its initial construction the structure had little paint so decorations were often used. Of greatest importance is its use in the construction of the Ark of the Covenant. Quebec French profanities, known as sacres (singular: sacre; French: sacrer, "to consecrate"), are words and expressions related to Catholicism and its liturgy that are used as strong profanities in Quebec French (the main variety of Canadian French) and in Acadian French (spoken in Maritime Provinces, east of Quebec, and a small portion of Aroostook County, Maine, in the United States). --These are described in separate articles, and therefore it is only necessary to give a list of them here. Here incense burned day and night, symbolizing both the sacred presence and the prayer of worshipers that can rise to God like sweet perfume at any moment of the day ( Psalm 141:2 ; Rev 8:3-4 ). Those relations do not rest upon ritualistic manipulationmagicas idol-worship assumes. Thus, Exodus 32-34 is an integral part of the whole final segment of the book, illustrating by contrast the same truths that chapters 25-31 and 35-40 teach in a positive way. Aaron's rod represents the delivering grace of God, both in the exodus events and in God's selection of the priests as mediators; the manna represents God's sustaining grace; and the tablets of the Ten Commandments summarize the terms of the relationship. Here was the one to whom the sacrificial system and the tabernacle pointed. The answer is the "cover" (mercy-seat). Here, in the starkest visual terms, is the representation of the truth that "without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness" ( Heb 9:22 ). bread which has not been used is placed inside it. / Fuck! In 1892 it was the largest assembly hall in the United States. Surrender, trust, and obedience are the operative principles, not magical identification. The term comes from the Latin tabernaculum, a diminutive of taberna. Some Bible commentators believe this points to the Gospel of Matthew, which reveals the nature of Yeshua at the drash (the allegorical or homiletical) level of biblical understanding. It was surrounded by canvas screens--in the East called kannauts -- 5 cubits in height, and supported by pillars of brass 5 cubits apart, to which the curtains were attached by hooks and filets of silver. (b) Textile fabrics: blue, purple, scarlet and fine (white) linen, for the production of which Egypt was celebrated; also a fabric of goats hair, the produce of their own flocks. He had no need of food ( Psalm 50:12-13 ), but Israel was famished for him ( Psalm 107:9 ; Isa 65:13 ). Here God was understood to be especially present for his people. This is the vision that captured the writer of the Book of Hebrews and is recorded in chapter 9 of that book. What was the tabernacle of Moses? | GotQuestions.org 2023. (1) The tabernacle and its services enabled the Jews, who had no visible representation of God, to feel the reality of God and of religion. The foundation of each pier was also reinforced with concrete. 1. On the left was the lampstand where the light was never permitted to go out. Updated on August 12, 2019 The tabernacle in the wilderness was a portable place of worship God commanded the Israelites to build after he rescued them from slavery in Egypt. The tabernacles outer court was approximately 150 feet long by 75 feet wide (or 11,250 square feet, which is about one-fourth of an acre) in size. Wood symbolizes humanity, while bronze symbolizes judgment against man because of sin, and silver represents redemption or Elohims ransom price for mans sin. [. The tabernacle was constructed by Latter-day Saints in Ogden, Utah during the 1850s. Deliverance from bondage and from spiritual darkness are not ends, but means to the end of fellowship with God. Henry Grow, a civil engineer, oversaw the initial construction of the Tabernacle, where the domed roof was the most innovative portion of the building. ( Joshua 5:14 Joshua 5:15 ) During the marches of Israel, the tabernacle was still in the centre. Accessed 5 Jul. The former was the holy place , or first tabernacle , ( Hebrews 9:2 ) containing the golden candlestick on one side, the table of shew-bread opposite, and between them in the centre the altar of incense. Quebec French profanity - Wikipedia France and Italy were the first to adopt it. Mark does not begin with an account of the birth of Messiah as do Matthew and Luke because, unlike the birth of a King, the birth of a servant is unimportant, all that is important is his work as a servant which begins with his immersion by [John]. Salt Lake Tabernacle - Wikipedia 2. The Tabernacle of Moses: Fast Facts & a Quick Tour The Tabernacle, a Typology of the Incarnation of Jesus. 4:1416). Elohims desire to dwell or tabernacle with man is a theme that runs from Genesis to Revelation. We come in the ways he has dictated, or not at all. Luke presents Yeshua as the Son of Man and as the man whose name is the Branch (Zech 6:12) who is presented as a high priest and is symbolized by the face of the man in Ezekiel 1. B. Simpson, Christ in the Tabernacle. The organ has been rebuilt several times with the total pipe count being 11,623, making the Tabernacle organ one of the largest pipe organs in the world. [John] 3:14; 8:28 and 12:32 present a sod understanding of Numbers 21:9 etc. (all of Trimms references are from the internet site: http://www.jios.org/The%20Synoptic%20Solution_jt.html). They were only efficacious in removing sin insofar as they pointed to the One who could indeed die for all. noun any place or house of worship, especially one designed for a large congregation. The linen curtains speak of robes of righteousness the bride of Yeshua will wear on her wedding day (Rev 19:8). This seems a hopeless dilemma. In all the pagan temples the innermost space was reserved for the idol, the visual expression of the pagan insistence that the divine is clothed with this world, and that this world is the body of the divine. Directly in front of the worshiper at the far end of the space was the altar of incense. Because they wanted to "give their best to the Lord", they hand painted grain on the benches to look like oak and the pillars to resemble marble. Exodus 25-27. E. The Tabernacle is of such great importance to God's redemptive program that 50 chapters of the Bible are devoted to it. A tabernacle or sacrament house is a fixed, locked box in which the Eucharist (consecrated communion hosts) is stored as part of the "reserved sacrament" rite.A container for the same purpose, which is set directly into a wall, is called an aumbry.. A cubit was about twenty inches, or just under two feet. Rather, the basis is covenant, a relationship of mutual commitment whereby grace is responded to in obedience, especially on an ethical plane. When the ark was recovered, it was removed to Jerusalem, and placed in a new tabernacle ( 2Samuel 6:17 ; 1Chronicles 15:1 ) but the old structure still had its hold on the veneration of the community and the old altar still received their offerings. Before the tabernacle was also the laver, signifying the same thing that baptism does with us, the cleansing of the heart and life. It was the most magnificent gathering I ever saw. mishkan, "the dwelling-place"); the movable tent-temple which Moses erected for the service of God, according to the "pattern" which God himself showed to him on the mount (, In the holy place. The altar of incense was made of acacia wood and overlaid with . The word thus rendered ('ohel) in Exodus 33:7 denotes simply a tent, probably Moses' own tent, for the tabernacle was not yet erected. But the ark has positive significance as well. Against the ark was leaned a scroll of the complete Torah (Deut 31:26). Some see this as corresponding to the lion cherubim and the tribe of Judah, which had on its banner an lion. The tabernacle was a rectangular enclosure, in length about 45 feet (i.e., reckoning a cubit at 18 inches) and in breadth and height about 15. All rights reserved. --ED.). What Is the Meaning of the Tabernacle in Exodus? Its two sides and its western end were made of boards of acacia wood, placed on end, resting in sockets of brass, the eastern end being left open ( Exodus 26:22 ). For a further discussion on the special olive oil that was used in the menorah and its spiritual significance, please read the article toward the end of this work on the subject. The tabernacle was so constructed that it could easily be taken down and conveyed from place to place during the wanderings in the wilderness. The principle of the use of a corporal below the monstrance or pyx remains in place. The author is saying that the earthly tabernacle and the sacrifices offered there are representative of eternal, spiritual truth: the all-sufficiency of the sacrifice of Christ for all eternity. The golden incense altar was constructed of acacia wood covered in gold and was situated in front of the veil leading into the holy of holies (the most set-apart place) halfway between the menorah and the table of showbread. And they were sure they could not have these unless God was tangibly present with them. 1", "Mormon Tabernacle Choir performances for and with famous individuals", "City of Saints, City of Sinners: The Development of Salt Lake City as a Tourist Attraction 1869-1900", "Desert Tortoise: The Mormon Tabernacle on Temple Square", "The Great Tabernacle: A Building of Purpose and Spirit", "Accommodating the Saints at General Conference", http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMF1X2_Salt_Lake_Tabernacle_Salt_Lake_City_Utah, Official Site of the Salt Lake Tabernacle, Official Site of The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, "Tabernacle on Temple Square" from Utah.com, Mormon Tabernacle, Temple Square, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, UT, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_Lake_Tabernacle&oldid=1148351838, This page was last edited on 5 April 2023, at 17:17. On the Day of Pentecost, the believers in the upper room received fire of YHVHs Spirit and had his Torah-law written in their hearts. Round about the tabernacle was a court, enclosed by curtains hung upon sixty pillars ( Exodus 27:9-18 ). (2) The tabernacle as the most beautiful and costly object in the nation and ever in the centre of the camp, set forth the truth that religion was the central fact and the most important, in a persons life. The building is still used for overflow crowds during general conference. This literary structure shows that the ultimate need of the people was not for deliverance from physical oppression or from theological darkness, but from alienation from God. These instructions continue through chapter 31. The door was the same size in area, though it was a different dimension than the first door, for it was taller and narrower. What is a Tabernacle? | Catholic Answers V. SIGNIFICANCE. Green rawhide was wrapped around the timbers so that when the rawhide dried it tightened its grip on the pegs. Bibliography. The court itself speaks of the separation between God and the sinner. dveer). In Exodus 25, he tells them to build a tabernacle. That is, God's glory dwelt with Israel's tents in the wilderness. The structure was an architectural wonder in its day, prompting a writer for Scientific American to comment on "the mechanical difficulties of attending the construction of so ponderous a roof. Believers are to be on fire for doing the work of Yeshua. This report repeats the previous instructions almost word for word. Moses received these instructions from God : Then the LORD said to Moses, "Make a bronze basin, with its bronze stand, for washing. Salem Media Group. The Prominence and Placement of Tabernacles Explained [13][14][15] During the renovations completed in 2007, the original benches were replaced with new oak pews, and legroom was increased from nine to 14inches, causing an overall loss of capacity of 1000 seats.[16]. There was a sense of motion through separate stages from the profane to the sacred. It was also called the sanctuary and the tabernacle of the congregation. Only the high priest was allowed in the most set-apart place, and only then once a year on the Day of Atonement. The tabernacle is the dwelling place of God. Eventually, Grow engineered the Tabernacle roof to be 150 feet across and 250 feet long. Part of the significance of the tabernacle is seen through the placement of this block of material in the Book of Exodus. The Altar of Burnt Offering (cleansing that creates access) One of the key parts of the tabernacle were the altars. Temple menorah - Wikipedia The elliptical concept came from church president Brigham Young, who reportedly said that the design was inspired by "the best sounding board in the world the roof of my mouth. Like the table of showbread, it had a golden crown around the top of it, which points to Yeshua being the head of the body of believers. Yet when we repent of our sins and place our faith in Yeshuas atoning death on the cross as payment for those sins, YHVH forgives us and grants us his merciful grace. Learn a new word every day. It is mentioned for the last time in 1Chronicles 21:29 . It took about a year to build. What is a TABERNACLE? and what is its significance? - WebBible It was used from a year after they crossed the Red Sea until King Solomon built the first temple in Jerusalem, a period of 400 years. To save this word, you'll need to log in. The blood of the sacrifice was poured out on the ground at the base of the altar picturing Yeshua shedding his blood at the cross. Tabernacle Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster It was woven of fine linen of the same four colors as were the previous two curtainsblue, crimson, purple and white, except this veil had cherubim embroidered into it. The second was a covering of goats hair; the third, of ram-skins dyed red and the outermost, of badger-skins (so called in our version; but the Hebrew word probably signifies seal-skins). Five wooden pillars covered in gold supported by bronze bases held the curtains up. To be sure it was a beautifully ornamented box, with winged figures of some sort molded into its golden top. ( Exodus 25:9 Exodus 25:40 ; 26:30 ; Exodus 39:32 Exodus 39:42 Exodus 39:43 ; Numbers 8:4 ; Acts 7:44 ; Hebrews 8:5 ) The description of this plan is preceded by an account of the freewill offerings which the children of Israel were to be asked to make for its execution. Here work is done according to Spirit-imparted gifts, not according to rank or appearance (35:30-36:2). Tabernacle that he was to build and heard that the God of the universe would dwell among the Israelites. How appropriate that all these truths should be represented in the box in the Holy of Holies. In the tabernacle there was beauty of design, color, texture, and shape. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. Some believers never leave the outer, for their spiritual lives never evidence the deeper values of praise, worship and abiding in YHVH characterized by the service in the sanctuary. ( Job 18:5-6 ), The tabernacle was the tent of Jehovah, called by the same name as the tents of the people in the midst of which it stood. The menorah had toolstongs and spoonsto tend the wick. These parts are very clearly distinguished in the Hebrew, but they are confounded in many places of the English version. The front of the sanctuary was closed by a hanging of fine linen, embroidered in blue, purple and scarlet, and supported by golden hooks on five pillars of shittim wood overlaid with gold and standing in brass sockets; and the covering of goats hair was so made as to fall down over this when required. These stores, from which they so liberally contributed for this purpose, must have consisted in a great part of the gifts which the Egyptians so readily bestowed on them on the eve of the ( Exodus 12:35 Exodus 12:36 ). This door had the same colors as the door to the outer courtyard (blue, crimson, white and purple) and was also woven of fine linen. Answer: The tabernacle is a liturgical furnishing used to house the Eucharist outside of Mass. Aarons rod that budded speaks of Yeshuas role as the ultimate high priest due to his atoning and life-giving work at the cross. The Salt Lake Tabernacle organ has its case positioned at the west end above the choir seats, and is the focal point of the Tabernacle's interior. tabernacle meaning: 1. a place of worship for some groups of Christians 2. - Tabarnak! The Israelites camped around the tabernacle (Num 2:134). What Was the Purpose and Meaning of the Tabernacle in Exodus? The latter was the most holy place , or the holy of holies , containing the ark, surmounted by the cherubim, with the two tables inside. God is not part of this world, and may not be represented by any natural object. How can God be Justice and Love at the same time? THE COURT OF THE TABERNACLE, in which the tabernacle itself stood, was an oblong space, 100 cubits by 50 (i.e. at the foot of Mount Sinai. I. Built at a time before electronics and audio amplifiers, the Tabernacle was constructed with remarkable acoustic qualities so the entire congregation could hear sermons given there. What Is a Tabernacle Church? - Christian Bible Colleges and Because God did not dwell in the hearts of humans until after Christ's death and resurrection, he would dwell in a certain place during the time of the Old Testament.

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