DNA was successfully extracted from 3771 samples for the 2016/17 season at Holeta and genotyped using DArTseq at DArT in Canberra, Australia as described below. Article ADS This effort, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to look at a large, nationally representative sample of a staple crop and using DNA fingerprinting for variety identification. Moreover, farmers neighbouring to wheat research centres also get quality seeds of newly released varieties to use and disseminate to their neighbours and fellow farmers. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay017 (2019). Later it was Dr. Harbhajan Singh who is credited with giving a distinct identity to the discipline of germplasm exploration, collection and maintenance in India. farm household surveys or expert opinion), but this is increasingly questioned as they are imperfect and an error-prone means to determine varietal identity and use. This can come from a swab inside your mouth, from your skin, the roots of your hair, or your saliva . Pal, working at IARI approached the then Imperial (now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to set up a unit for assembly of global germplasm under phytosanitary conditions in India. 1). Ethiopia remains a net importer of wheat, meeting just over 70% of demand from domestic production4. All authors contributed to editing and correcting the manuscript. Asnake, D., et al. Jeffreys, A. J., Wilson, V. & Thein, S. L. Hypervariable minisatellite regions in human DNA. Bureaus key role was to assist the All India Coordinated Crop Improvement Projects (AICRPs), operative at the central ICAR Research Institutes, State Agricultural Universities and other organizations in the country by way of making the germplasm resources of various crop species available to breeders and other researchers. Article With the introduction of high yielding semi-dwarf bread wheat varieties, the area planted to durum wheat in Ethiopia has declined significantly. 375429 (2008). The mandate is exploration of agri-horticultural crops of eastern peninsular region with main emphasis on rice germplasm. Conversely, varieties with a decreasing footprint in terms of kebeles (indicating possible dis-adoption) were older releases with current susceptibility to wheat rusts. Yigezu, Y. Article Am. Article DNA Fingerprinting - Science Technology and Society a Student Led Technol. A large proportion of the farmer reports were either local or unimproved (n=1233; 32% of reports), but DNA results generally did not support this farmer classification. (eds) Crop Improvement Adoption and Impact of Improved Varieties in Food Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (CABI publisher, Wallingford, 2015). "I love some good service. Dev. Reported national average wheat yields in 2000/01 were only 1.16 t/ha1, little higher than in 1975 (0.91 t/ha). Improved durum wheat varieties were estimated to only account for 10% of this area. Report on Area and Production of Major Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season). Geographical distribution of variety Kakaba (a) and Dandaa (b) using DNA fingerprinting data (left panels) and farmer reports (right panels; 2016/17, 432 kebeles. Responsible for exploration, collection and maintenance of agri-horticultural germplasm of temperate crops of Jammu and Kashmir region. The responsibilities and the mandates of the divisions were fixed in order to streamline and systematize PGR activities of the Bureau. Investments in wheat improvement made by international donor agencies, notably BMGF, DFID, World Bank, USAID and the Ethiopian government are thus resulting in a demonstrable positive impact in the wheat fields of Ethiopia. Ethiopias wheat area by germplasm sources (identified by DNA fingerprinting; 2016/17 season, 432 kebeles) [created using MS Excel 2016 by MJ https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/microsoft-365/excel] (non-classified are varieties not identified by DNA sequencing). Dev. Abeyo, B., Badebo, A., Gebre, D., Listman, M. Achievements in Fast-track Variety Testing, Seed Multiplication and Scaling of Rust Resistant Varieties: Lessons from the Wheat Seed Scaling Project, Ethiopia (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, 2020). Each test sample profile is compared against the panel of reference profiles and the top scoring variety is identified using a matching index, which takes into account the proportion of alleles present in the reference which were also found in the test sample AND the proportion of foreign alleles, which were not detected in the reference profile being matched. Field sampling and farmer surveys were undertaken by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia as part of the annual Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSS). 6. The AICRP on Guar (later renamed as AICRP on Arid Legumes) initiated in VI Plan and operated through Bureau during the period. The Bhowali Regional Station of Bureau was established to cater to the PGR activities of sub-tropical and sub-temperate regions and the Base centres at Cuttack, Hyderabad and Ranchi were also established to fulfill the vision of collection, maintenance and evaluation of wide variety of crop plants occurring in other agro-climatic zones of our country as well. the diversity in crops, agro-ecosystems, and approaches- as a concept and as an issue, is a major conceptual breakthrough, reinforced by Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Global Plan of Action (GPA). PubMed Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) India - Nature Walker, T. & Alwang, J. A centre for evaluation and maintenance of germplasm of tropical fruits and other field crops of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Shillong (Meghalaya): Established in 1978. Direct comparison of DNA results with farmer reports for the same plots revealed that only 28% of farmers could give an accurate matching variety name. Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992). Google Scholar. CSA is mandated by law in Ethiopia as the official agency to conduct surveys, undertake collection of data, analyze and report findings at national and local level. Considering varieties released since 2005, DNA fingerprinting data shows that these recent varieties cover 61% of the sampled wheat area. The impacts of using new improved bread wheat varieties has been substantial. Innov. Subsequently, on the recommendations of the High Level Committee constituted by the Government of India in 1970, the Division of Plant Introduction was upgraded to an independent institute National Bureau of Plant Introduction in August 1976 which was rechristened as National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) in January 1977. The proposal for the same was incorporated in the VI Plan. CIMMYT (2018). DNA-based information also provided valuable insights on the likely status of durum wheat in Ethiopia. Diversity arrays technology: A generic genome profiling technology on open platforms. With probes capable of detecting 50 randomly distributed loci, about 50% of the genome of a typical domestic mammal might be expected to be closely linked to a marker (at a distance of 0.2 Morgans or less). 10g of seed of each reference variety or 10g of grain from field-collected sample was randomly sampled from each of the bags of seed/grain. Realising the need to characterize the indigenous diversity and to protect the countrys genetic resources, the ICAR established the National Research Centre on DNA Fingerprinting at NBPGR in December 1995. Four major divisions, Plant Exploration and Collection, Germplasm Evaluation, Germplasm Conservation and Plant Quarantine with regular Head of Divisions, through direct recruitment since 1999, are in operation. Overall, from the results obtained there was low confidence in the farmer reports providing reliable estimates of actual wheat variety use in Ethiopia in 2016/17. The plant genetic resources (PGR) as components of agrobiodiversity cover not only the whole gamut of genetic resources (from advanced cultivars to primitive landraces, domesticates, semi-domesticates, wild and weedy relatives) but the diversity of ecosystems and agroecosystems within landscapes that are exploited in some way for agriculture and forestry, and the complex set of human interactions. For the reference materials, 3 independent samples were taken from each bag to provide sub-replication in addition to the different varietal sources sampled. Crop cuts for yield are an integral part of the AgSS and hence provided the opportunity to obtain grain samples that could be sub-sampled for DNA fingerprinting. The Bureau draws guidelines from the Crop Science Division of ICAR, Institute Management Committee, Research Advisory Committee, Institute Research Council and Germplasm Advisory Committees. To obtain Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. It takes the form of a double helix (two strands coiled together). Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) India - Nature 10. 9. The original online version of this Article was revised: Abebaw Misganaw and Kefyalew Negisho were omitted from the author list in the original version of this Article. Jaleta, M., Hodson, D., Abeyo, B., Yirga, C. & Erenstein, O. Smallholders coping mechanisms with wheat rust epidemics: Lessons from Ethiopia. The national and regional breeding programs released 133 bread and durum wheat varieties over a period of 50years (19672016). Box height indicates the percentage of total varieties, while lines illustrate the relationship [created by MJ using R 4.0.2 https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/sankey-diagram.html]. With enhanced PGR management responsibilities at the national level, the NBPGR was organized into five distinct divisions viz. This germplasm is considered to have played a major role in subsequent variety releases and productivity gains. About a quarter (27.3%) of area sampled was covered by varieties older than 20years. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) has its headquarters at New Delhi, located at latitude of 280 35 N, longitude of 70018 E and an altitude of 226 m above mean sea level. Nonetheless, this study questions the extent of current cultivation of durum wheat in Ethiopia. Nationally representative sampling of wheat plots in 2016/17 resulted in only a very small proportion of durum wheat being detected with DNA fingerprinting: only 3% (119 out of 3,771 genotyped samples/plots), representing just 4% of the area sampled. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479718000030 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219327 (2019). Wheat serves as both a food crop and an important source of income for Ethiopian small-holders. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860676 (1969). Badebo, A.,et al. Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod. Bishaw, Z., Struik, P. C. & Van Gastel, A. G. Wheat seed system in Ethiopia: Farmers varietal perception, seed sources, and seed management. If a proportion of DNA fingerprint loci prove to be clustered near chromosomal telomeres or elsewhere in the genome, coverage will be less. Since academic session 1997-98, Bureau is undertaking teaching in Plant Genetic Resources leading to M.Sc. The first large-scale application of DNA fingerprinting to assess wheat diffusion in Ethiopia collected data in 2016/17 (Fig. Identical sequences were collapsed into fastqcoll files which were then groomed using DArT PLs proprietary algorithm and used in DArTs proprietary SNP calling pipeline DArTsoft14, with a threshold sequence distance of 3 basepairs (https://www.diversityarrays.com38) Clusters were parsed into separate SNP loci using a range of technical parameters, especially the balance of read counts for the allelic pairs. Annual Report - National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources 2000 Mason, N. M., Jayne, T. S. & Shiferaw, B. Africas rising demand for wheat: Trends, drivers, and policy implications. (CIMMYT, Mexico, 1988). https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.518302 (2010). This annual report details activities undertaken during 2000 particularly the 5 main crop-based projects: (1) rice, wheat and brassica; (2) cereals and millets; (3) pulses, oilseeds and. The success in speeding up variety release and seed multiplication in Ethiopia is considered a model for other countries. Scientific Reports All authors contributed to editing and correcting the manuscript.. PubMed

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