[16] During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, John of Gaunt was far from the centre of events, on the March of Scotland, but he was among those named by the rebels as a traitor to be beheaded as soon as he could be found. Upon his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1371, John assumed (officially from 29 January 1372) the title of King of Castile and Len in right of his wife, and insisted his fellow English nobles henceforth address him as "my lord of Spain". Plantagenet (by birth)Lancaster (founder) [6] On 13 January 1396, two years after the death of Constance of Castile, Katherine and John of Gaunt married in Lincoln Cathedral. 6 October 2022. Leese, Thelma Anna (1996). And youd have thought Ken had gone home and Boris had turned up to work.. He took charge of the siege operations and at one point engaging in hand-to-hand fighting in the undermining tunnels. Gaunt is also generally considered to have fathered five children outside marriage: one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother; the others, surnamed Beaufort, by Katherine Swynford, his long-term mistress and third wife. In September, the siege was simply abandoned and the army returned ingloriously to England. The three succeeding houses of English sovereigns from 1399the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudorwere descended from John through Henry Bolingbroke, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively. Whose rocky shore beats back the envious siege The fact was that he wanted the throne of Castilla, known to English historians as Castile which is French, though Castilla and Aragon were two of the largest and most important regions of Spain (with Portugal) and had no connections with France apart from the odd marriage. The Bodley Head. Given the fame and patriotic tune of the speech when taken out of context, it is easy for the actor to fall into the trap of being flowery and polite with the words being spoken. George Macdonald Fraser King of Castile (claimant) Costanza died at Leicester Castle in March 1394, and John married his mistress, Katherine, in 1396 at Lincoln Cathedral. There is, however, evidence that he may occasionally have used this second marshalling at earlier dates. Due to some generous land grants, John was not only one of the richest men in his era, but also one of the wealthiest men to have ever lived. [S20] Magna Carta Ancestry: A study in Colonial and Medieval Families, Richardson, Douglas, (Kimball G. Everingham, editor. Duke of Lancaster Each month we work on scenes and monologues with a beautiful, supportive, inspiring group of actors. They married in 1359 at Reading Abbey as a part of the efforts of Edward III to arrange matches for his sons with wealthy heiresses. Fox, Paul A. Using the Stanislavsky tool as imagining as if I was in the shoes of John Gaunt can be really effective for us at this moment. [18] He impaled his arms with those of the Spanish kingdom. [12]John was himself a delegate to the various conferences that eventually resulted in the Truce of Leulinghem in 1389. From 1372, John gathered around himself a small court of refugee Castilian knights and ladies and set up a Castilian chancery that prepared documents in his name according to the style of Peter of Castile, dated by the Castilian era and signed by himself with the Spanish formula "Yo El Rey" ("I, the King"). John of Gaunt - Wikipedia The phrase "long castel" is a reference to Lancaster (also called "Loncastel" and "Longcastell"), "walles white" is thought to likely be an oblique reference to Blanche, "Seynt Johan" was John of Gaunt's name-saint, and "ryche hil" is a reference to Richmond; these thinly veiled references reveal the identity of the grieving black knight of the poem as John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Richmond. John is also quite important in royal genealogy. Our Hallway is very austere, Peter tells Tatler, so it wasnt hard to transform into Downing Street: they put a big red carpet down and painted on the yellow walls. He was the father of an Englishman who was also a father and grandfather of English kings. 1 p. 54, 55. He lived from 1340 to 1399, during which time England was jolted by a major regime change, when his nephew, King Richard II was dethroned by Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, who . But he did marry his daughter Catherine (by Constance) to Henry III of Castilla, which should have meant something. . Believed to have been written in the 1390s, Chaucer's short poem Fortune, is also inferred to directly reference Lancaster. What Im driving at here is the need for stakes in this speech. Coat of arms of John of Gaunt asserting his kingship over Castile and Len, showing the royal arms of Castile and Len impaling his paternal arms (the royal arms of England), with his heraldic difference, During his marriage to Constance, John of Gaunt fathered four children by a mistress, the widow Katherine Swynford (whose sister Philippa de Roet was married to Chaucer). This happy breed of men, this little world, The parliament of 1377 was John's counter-coup: crucially, the Lords no longer supported the Commons and John was able to have most of the acts of 1376 annulled. During the 1390s, John's reputation of devotion to the well-being of the kingdom was largely restored. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England". He began to advocate peace negotiations; indeed, as early as 1373, during his great raid through France, he made contact with Guillaume Roger, brother and political adviser of Pope Gregory XI, to let the pope know he would be interested in a diplomatic conference under papal auspices. In 1386, he left England in an unsuccessful attempt to claim the Castilian throne. Gaunt is, as his name suggests, gaunt, dying, and on his last breaths. When his father died in 1377, and was succeeded by Edward's 10 year old son, John became the protector of the young king and effectively ruled England during his minority. [S44] #242 [1846 edition] A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland & Scotland, extinct, dormant, & abeyance, Burke, John, (London : Henry Colburn, 1846), 942 D22bua 1846., p. 38. The Red Prince: The Life of John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster Chapman & Hall. "John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Behind the Scenes of This England, Episode 1, This England was largely filmed at Wolterton Hall estate, which served as the location for inside 10 Downing Street. Prose and Poetry publishes literary articles, poetry, and prose shorts from the classics to contemporary poets and authors. He is not thought to have been an opponent of the king. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. The trailer went viral when it was first released, and the first episode, which aired on 28 September, has subsequently divided critics. Required fields are marked *. this earth, this realm, this England! Richard II (excerpts): This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster dining with the King of Portugal - Chronique d' Angleterre (Volume III) (late 15th C), f.244v - BL Royal MS 14 E IV (cropped).png 242 320; 179 KB. Successor Katherine Swynford: the scandalous duchess and ancestress of royal dynasties. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986), FHL book 942 C4rg no. A finial window, complete, was found between two walls in the then "West's Garage". Small showers last long, but sudden storms are short; Further reinforced by German mercenaries, they marched on Harfleur, but were delayed by French guerilla operations while the town prepared for a siege. Reprint, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), FHL book 920.042 D561n., vol. This approach led indirectly to the Anglo-French Congress of Bruges in 137477, which resulted in the short-lived Truce of Bruges between the two sides. (2009). But the context of the speech is very different: John of Gaunt is lamenting the fact that England is being 'leased out' under King Richard II. John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, also called (1342-62) earl of Richmond, or (from 1390) duc (duke) d'Aquitaine, (born March 1340, Ghentdied February 3, 1399, London), English prince, fourth but third surviving son of the English king Edward III and Philippa of Hainaut; he exercised a moderating influence in the political and . John of Gaunt (1340-1399) - Find a Grave Memorial [S35] #244 The History and Antiquities of the County of Northampton (1822-1841), Baker, George, (2 volumes. This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340 - 1399) - English History [1] Gaunt was the third surviving son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. John Gaunt is not speaking these words to sound beautiful or to say something pretty about England, he is a dying man whose son has just been banished by an ineffective King who will lead his beloved country to ruin. English Royalty. 6, 1340 Ghent Arrondissement Gent East Flanders (Oost-Vlaanderen), Belgium Death: Feb. 3, 1399 Leicester Leicester Unitary Authority Leicestershire, England, English Royalty. Philippa of Hainault After the death of his brother in 1376, he was in the ascendancy at court, however, favor coincided with widespread resentment of his influence among the English population. John of Gaunt was a patron and close friend of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, most famously known for his work The Canterbury Tales. That England, who has conquered so many others, is now conquering herself. [S13] #379 [7th edition, 1992] Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, Who Came to America Before 1700: the Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants (7th edition, 1992), Weis, Frederick Lewis, (7th edition. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth. 1 p. 1196. John of Gaunt is a major character in Garry O'Connor's Chaucer's Triumph: Including the Case of Cecilia Chaumpaigne, the Seduction of Katherine Swynford, the Murder of Her Husband, the Interment of John of Gaunt and Other Offices of the Flesh in the Year 1399 (2007). Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess, also known as the Deeth of Blaunche the Duchesse,[21] was written in commemoration of Blanche of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's first wife. In March 1390, Richard II invested John as Duke of Aquitaine. If we are to observe classical thinking about performance as it pertains to punctuation, we learn from this that this single thought may be spoken by the actor with one breath. He was made Earl of Richmond in September 1342. King Richard II sent a message to bring his soldiers, an estimated 20,000 men, back to London. These words are some of the last words spoken by John of Gaunt, father to Henry Bolingbroke, in the moments preceding one of Shakespeares most famous speeches. As a son of the sovereign, John bore the royal arms of the kingdom (Quarterly, France Ancient and England), differenced by a label of three points ermine. [S743] John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, Seneschal of England (1904, reprint 1964), Armitage-Smith, Sidney, (1904. Please note the links to books above are affiliated with amazon, and we made a small commission if you go on to purchase. John's wife Constance died in 1394 . A large part of John's army had succumbed to sickness, however, and when the invasion was mounted, they were far outnumbered by their Portuguese allies. 1 p. 160, 24 243-244, 248, 259-260 vol. ', Wolterton Hall near Aylsham, Norfolk, England. Dear for her reputation through the world, Richard II - Washington State University John Sutherland They were later legitimised by royal and papal decrees, but this did not affect Henry IV's bar to their having a place in the line of succession. However, Henry Tudor who descended from the line of the Beauforts won the English throne in 1485. This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, And thus expiring do foretell of him: So, too, does Boris Johnson, played by Kenneth Branagh, in the trailer of the new TV series, This England. Though he attempted to defend the duchy against French encroachment for nearly a year, lack of resources and money meant he could do little but husband what small territory the English still controlled, and he resigned the command in September 1371 and returned to England. Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1950), FHL microfilms 104,349-104,351., book 9 p. G1187. This land of such dear souls, this dear dear land, A portrait commissioned in c. 1593 by Sir Edward Hoby for Queenborough Castle, probably modeled on Gaunt's tomb effigy. The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married in 1396. B. Nichols and Son, 1822-1841), FHL book Q 942.55 H2bal; FHL microfilm 962,237 ite., vol. Edward the Black Prince (older brother), Illustration of descent of John of Gaunt and of his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, from King Henry III, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 3 February 1399) was an English prince, military leader, and statesman. Duke of Aquitaine (as John II) [S46] #8356 The Ligon Family and Connections (1947-1973), Ligon, William D. (William Daniel Ligon, Jr.), (3 volumes. As Edward the Black Prince, Gaunt's elder brother and heir to the ageing Edward III, became incapacitated due to poor health, Gaunt assumed control of many government functions, and rose to become one of the most powerful political figures in England. John of Gaunt is a major character in Garry O'Connor 's Chaucer's Triumph: Including the Case of Cecilia Chaumpaigne, the Seduction of Katherine Swynford, the Murder of Her Husband, the Interment of John of Gaunt and Other Offices of the Flesh in the Year 1399 (2007). That England, that was wont to conquer others, Salt Lake City: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1965), FHL book Q 942.67 D2bw; FHL microfilm 452,530 item., p. 71. Visionary designers and real-life couple, Peter Sheppard and Keith Day hosted the cast and crew in their Grade I-listed home in the countryside. He was the father of an Englishman who was also a father and grandfather of English kings. He was the third of the five sons of King Edward III of England who survived to adulthood. It was only in 1386, after Portugal under its new King John I had entered into full alliance with England, that he was actually able to land with an army in Spain and mount a campaign for the throne of Castile (that ultimately failed). John of Gaunt was Blanche Swynford's godfather. It documents John O'Gaunt's life in a musical tone poem. It was very exciting seeing Downing Street in action., Luckily, all the moving about and repainting didnt damage the beautiful old house. This England hides a sting in the tail, verbal retribution of the King by John of Gaunt. Copyright 2012 - 2017 Avada | All Rights Reserved | Powered by, Disasters waiting to happen: Getlio Vargas, Some more eccentricities of pronunciation, Charles the Bold, Philip the Good & Philip the Bold (of Burgundy), Henry M. Stanley, explorer and journalist, The History Behind Memorabilia from the American Civil War. With inky blots and rotten parchment bonds: He became the 1st Duke of Lancaster through marriage with Blanche, heiress of Lancaster in 1362. Unable to attack any strongly fortified forts and cities, the raiders plundered the countryside, which weakened the French infrastructure, but the military value of the damage was only temporary. 2 : of or relating to a sovereign or to royalty. Inky blots/ rotten parchment bonds: Literally the blots of ink from signatures on parchment contracts written for Richard to sign. The three succeeding houses of English sovereigns from 1399 the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudor were descended from John through Henry Bolingbroke, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively. Reverence for the beauty of language has no play in acting. Hambledon Press. From the middle of the 1370s, as King Edward III became senile, and the Black Princes illness ended in death (1376), John of Gaunt became the virtual ruler of England, though not a popular one. This is a desperate, overwhelming and all-consuming experience. Through his third and last wife he even engendered the first of the Tudors, for which haters of this dynasty cannot forgive him. Llandovery: William Rees, 1846), FHL book 942.9 D23d; FHL microfilm 176,668., vol. In 139495, he was forced to spend nearly a year in Gascony to shore up his position in the face of threats of secession by the Gascon nobles. [S2318] #1210 The Family of Griffith of Garn and Plasnewydd in the County of Denbigh, as Registered in the College of Arms from the Beginning of the XIth Century (1934), Glenn, Thomas Allen, (London: Harrison, 1934), FHL book 929.2429 G875g; FHL microfilm 994,040 ite., p. 221 fn. The romance novel Almost Innocent by Jane Feather tells the story of a fictitious illegitimate daughter of John of Gaunt. . At one point he was forced to take refuge across the Thames, while his Savoy Palace only just escaped looting. ("except royal status")was inserted with dubious authority by their half-brother Henry IV. However, he married his daughter by Constance of Castile to the future Henry III of Castile in 1388 . Katherine Swynford: Life And Legacy Of The Scandalous Duchess Although he fought in the Battle of Njera (1367), for example, his later military projects proved unsuccessful. For years John claimed the throne in his wifes name, but in vain. Through his daughter, Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, he was an ancestor of the Yorkist kings Edward IV, Edward V and Richard III. Gaunt: Methinks, I am a prophet new inspired; And thus, expiring, do foretell of him: His rash fierce blaze of riot cannot last; For violent fires soon burn out themselves: Small showers last long, but sudden storms are short; He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes; Born the fourth son of Edward III Plantagenet and Queen Philippa of Hainault, at Ghent (or Gaunt) in Flanders. Back to Line 3] demi-paradise: a place Edenic in quality, diminished only in size. Mars: The Latin of the God Ares, God of War Despite this, cast and crew were all invited for a socially-distanced drink at the end of the production. Part 2: William Jenyns' Ordinary". 1 no. The adulterous relationship endured until 1381, when it was broken out of political necessity. The links are visible today in the Town & Manor-owned John O'Gaunt Inn on Bridge Street,[45] the John O'Gaunt School on Priory Road,[46] as well as various street names. Death of John of Gaunt | History Today SCENE I. Ely House. - Massachusetts Institute of Technology Relatives Reign So, too, does Boris Johnson, played by Kenneth Branagh, in the trailer of the new TV series, This England. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster was a son of an English king. 2 p. 535. These were surnamed Beaufort (after a former French possession of the Duke). Richard II New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History [S2670] #4372 History of Maunsell, or Mansel . 3 p. 31. John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke. He was the first Tudor, an Earl of Pembroke, descended from John, Earl of Somerset, the eldest of the Beauforts. John of Gaunt was buried beside his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, adjacent to the high altar. Instead Richard chooses to exile both Henry and Mowbray. He also succeeded in forcing the Commons to agree to the imposition of the first poll tax in English historya viciously regressive measure that bore hardest on the poorest members of society. His first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, was also his third cousin; both were great-great-grandchildren of King Henry III. [13]There was organised opposition to his measures and rioting in London; John of Gaunt's arms were reversed or defaced wherever they were displayed, and protestors pasted up lampoons on his supposedly dubious birth. This England: Speech from William Shakespeares play Richard II. Partner of Marie de St. Hilaire of Hainault John had no funds with which to pay them, and despite his entreaties, none were sent from England, so in April 1374, he abandoned the enterprise and sailed for home. He immediately had the ailing king grant pardons to all the officials impeached by the Parliament; Alice Perrers too was reinstated at the heart of the king's household. His tabard shows the royal arms of Castile and Len impaling his differenced Plantagenet arms, while on the shield Castile and Len is shown as an inescutcheon of pretense, representing his claim to that kingdom by right of marriage to Constance of Castille. [S745] #1600 Memorials of the Family of Tufton, Earls of Thanet: Deduced from Various Sources of Authentic Information (1880), Pocock, Robert, (Gravesend: R. Pocock, 1880), FHL book 929.242 T816p., p. 31. By. John of Gaunt dines with John I of Portugal, to discuss a joint Anglo-Portuguese invasion of Castile (from Jean de Wavrin's Chronique d'Angleterre). Philippa, Queen of PortugalElizabeth, Duchess of ExeterHenry IV, King of EnglandJohn BeaufortCatherine, Queen of CastileHenry BeaufortThomas BeaufortJoan Beaufort Wilcockson, Colin (1987). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Moments before this speech, Gaunt tells the Duke of York, O, but they say the tongues of dying men At a time when English forces encountered setbacks in the Hundred Years' War against France, and Edward III's rule was becoming unpopular due to high taxation and his affair with Alice Perrers, political opinion closely associated the Duke of Lancaster with the failing government of the 1370s. These are the words that most people know to be the end of the soliloquy. He banishes Mowbray for life. Writing for HistoryExtra, historian Helen Carr shares a guide to the life of the medieval prince - a tale of war, unrest and betrayal. This large medieval building once formed the entrance to the John O'Gaunts football ground, home to Lincoln City until they moved to their present Sincil Bank ground. Due to some generous land grants, John was not only one of the richest men in his era, but also one of the wealthiest men to have ever lived. He was one of England's principal negotiators in the diplomatic exchanges with France that led to the Truce of Leulinghem in 1396, and he initially agreed to join the French-led Crusade that ended in the disastrous Battle of Nicopolis, but withdrew due to ill-health and the political problems in Gascony and England. He married Blanche, Countess of Derby in May 1359, with whom he had seven children, including the future Henry IV. [S40] Handbook of British Chronology (1986), Fryde, E. B., editor, (Royal Historical Society guides and handbooks, no. John O Gaunt Lancs Castle - Statue of John O'Gaunt over Gateway.jpg 2,000 1,500; 1.93 MB. This lady had four illegitimate and recognised children by John of Gaunt who were given the surname Beaufort. 1844, reprint 1977] A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland, and Scotland (second edition, 1841, reprint 1977), Burke, John, (Second edition, 1844. A Summary and Analysis of John of Gaunt's 'This Sceptred Isle' Speech Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/541; year 1396. 17 ratings5 reviews. John Of Gaunt, RIchard II: A Character Analysis - No Sweat Shakespeare Peter told us with great relief that only one delft plate was broken during the time of filming. Kenilworth Castle, a massive fortress extensively modernised and given a new Great Hall by John of Gaunt after 1350. Burial March 15, 1399St Paul's Cathedral, London When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown as King Richard II named Hereford a traitor and commuted his sentence to exile for life. John ('John of Gaunt'), Duke of Lancaster and Aquitaine. John impeached William of Wykeham and other leaders of the reform movement, and secured their conviction on old or trumped-up charges. [S2420] #11886 The Golden Grove books of pedigrees (filmed 1970), (Manuscript, National Library of Wales manuscript number Castell Gorfod 7. . John of Gaunt's chevauche of 1373 - Wikipedia Feard by their breed and famous by their birth, He hopes Richard arrives, for he has much to say, and dying men tend to be listened to. 75, 92. By Natasha Leake. Monarchy of Britain Wiki is a FANDOM Books Community. His house called The Savoy stood on the banks of the Thames and was every bit as grand and luxurious as the kings palace at Westminster. Hungerford in Berkshire has ancient links to the Duchy, the manor becoming part of John of Gaunt's estate in 1362 before James I passed ownership to two local men in 1612 (which subsequently became Town & Manor of Hungerford Charity). Their magnificent tomb had been designed and executed between 1374 and 1380 by Henry Yevele with the assistance of Thomas Wrek, at a total cost of 592. [9]Just before leaving Aquitaine, he married the Infanta Constance of Castile in September 1371 at Roquefort, near Bordeaux, Guyenne. This fortress built by Nature for herself He was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England, and the father of King Henry IV. The Spectator, Works of: http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I80355&tree= http://www.mathematical.com/gauntjohn1340.htm (which gives his baptism date as his birth date), http://www.nndb.com/people/826/000094544/, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/14843, http://www.royalist.info/execute/biog?person=6, http://www.thepeerage.com/p10188.htm#i101878, http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/PLANTAGENET2.htm. This four-month ride through enemy territory, evading French armies on the way, was a bold stroke that impressed contemporaries but achieved virtually nothing. (play) I wasted time, and now doth time waste me. London: J.B. Nichols, 1834-1843), FHL book 942 B2ct; FHL microfilms 496,953 item 3 a., vol. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (13991413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England. Summary. Half brother of John de Southeray; Nicholas Lytlington, Abbot of Lytlington Westminster; John Baldac and Isabella Plantagenet, John of Gaunt (Ghent), 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG, Successor: Henry IV Bolingbroke, King of England (2nd Duke of Lancaster and of Aquitaine), Father Edward III of Windsor, King of England, Burial St Paul's Cathedral, City of London. JOHN OF GAUNT O, but they say the tongues of dying men Enforce attention like deep harmony: We can glean more evidence for the high stakes nature of this speech through analysing the text itself. His vast estates made him the richest man in England, and his great wealth, ostentatious display of it, autocratic manner and attitudes, enormous London mansion (the Savoy Palace on the Strand) and association with the failed peace process at Bruges combined to make him the most visible target of social resentments. Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (6 March 1340 - 3 February 1399) was an English royal prince, military leader, and statesman. He was the father of Henry IV. Of the worlds ransom, blessed Marys Son, Of his method acting, she says: I was probably one of the only people to ever meet Ken as himself. The death of the Black Prince on 8 June 1376 and the onset of Edward III's last illness at the closing of Parliament on 10 July left John with all the reins of power. He is also referred to by Falstaff in Henry IV Part I. Lancaster city council has an administrative ward that bears the name and the city also has a public house called the John O'Gaunt.

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