According to the quality assessment tool used, overall, the body of evidence was of good quality. The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis have elucidated the applicability of Hofstetters average expected amplitude of accommodation measurements in young school-going children in the post-digital era of the 21st century. 2012 Mar;95(2):187-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00692.x. The near point of convergence (NPC) was also measured. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The assessment of accommodation is one of the most important tests of visual function. However, the reduction in observed amplitudes of accommodation in the cited age groups may lead to the consideration of assessing for a larger lag of accommodation in six, nine, 10, and 11-year-olds with myopia or pre-myopia as part of the surveillance for progression. The amplitude of accommodation (AoA) represents the maximal accommodative level, or closest near focusing response, that can be produced with maximal voluntary effort in the fully corrected eye (Ciuffreda 2006). The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess the quality of the five studies. In 1961, Eames (Eames 1961) used the binocular push-up to compare sub-urban and urban childrens AoA and showed a mean AoA for 191 eight-year-olds to be 13.70D. Comparison of our results and calculated AA from Hofstetters equation. Amplitude of accommodation; Hofstetter; minus lens; push-down; push-up. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Dong-Sik Yu, Affiliation: Push-up technique was employed to measure the amplitude of accommodation. government site. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of DRILL and the National Institutes of Health. Ages seven, eight, and 10 years showed high heterogeneity; while ages nine, and 1115 showed moderate heterogeneity. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Investigation of amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children. Near Point of Convergence in Iranian Schoolchildren: Normative Values and Associated Factors. Thus, the push-up method became more accurate as age decreased. Linear regressions for maximum and minimum mean AA fell in the middle of Hofstetter's equation = 25 (0.4 age) for maximum AA and 15 (0.25 age) for minimum AA. The detection and management the refractive disorders, including latent hypermetropia,. The characteristics of these studies include age group; author; the year in which the study was published; the sample sizes of the age groups for each study; and the AoA measurement in dioptres measured using the push-up technique from the right eyes. National Library of Medicine 1947:24-202. Lee et al. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. High Prevalence of Asthenopia among a Population of University Students. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225754. Investigation of amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children. This suggests that the use of Hosftetter's equations to predict amplitude of accommodation may not be accurate for Nigerian children. 8 Hofstetter 9 has suggested formulae for estimating age-based amounts of the average, minimum and maximum AA. The site is secure. Amplitude of accommodation in an 11- to 17-year-old Iranian - PubMed Epub 2017 May 17. Subjects undertook their regular activities between sessions. 2019 Jan-Feb;64(1):90-100. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.08.003. Materials and methods AOA of 2 D or more below the age expected value, is abnormal [2-4]. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Study three rated 9/11 yes responses and was graded as good. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The small p-values (<0.05) indicate a significant difference from 0.5 for each session. (Ovenseri-Ogbomo et al. In subgroup analysis (Figure 2), the pooled mean outcome for the amplitude of accommodation at age six years was found to be 14.9D (95% CI, 13.9 to 16; I2 = 30.7%) from three studies. Mean AA in this study was 11.53 3.02 D (range: 5.00-28.50 D). Amplitude of accommodation varies with race and ethnicity and Hofstetter's equations are commonly used in Nigeria to calculate expected amplitude of accommodation for clinical purposes. The .gov means its official. 352 non-presbyopes aged 10-39 years were included in this study. Comparison of measured with calculated amplitude of accommodation in Comparing Different Methods of Measuring Accommodative Amplitude with Hofstetter's Normative Values in a Ghanaian Population. As a result, research that employed other methods to measure the normative AoA was excluded, potentially reducing the number of studies included in this review. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Conclusion: Examinations were performed on-site at each sampled high school. Regarding detection of differences (>0.75 D) among AA values measured at the sessions, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.762 (95% CI, 0.5221.000; p = 0.026) for S6 to 0.792 (95% CI, 0.5571.000; p = 0.013) for S4 in twenties age group. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The AA was measured at two-hourly intervals (midmorning, 9:0010:00 a.m. as S1; late morning, 11:0012:00 a.m. as S2; early afternoon, 1:002:00 p.m. as S3; midafternoon, 3:004:00 p.m. as S4; late afternoon, 5:006:00 p.m. as S5; evening, 7:008:00 p.m. as S6) in a total of six sessions for the three age groups. They also raised puberty as another contributing factor in the differences observed. Hofstetter established the predicted AoA formula that is used to measure the AoA by using Donders push-up method, established in the 1940s. Amplitude of accommodation (AoA) can be determined clinically using different methods. The purpose of this study was to compare Hofstetter's age-expected norms with five recommended methods of measuring AoA in order to determine age-appropriate techniques for a Ghanaian population. Epub 2018 Sep 3. With regard to Hofstetter's data, the push-up method was more accurate for the younger age-group 10-19 years while the modified push-up was more accurate for the older age-group 20-39. PLoS One. Study four rated 7/11 yes responses and was graded as fair. Careers. The difference between measured AA for each session and the mean AA was lower in older groups than in younger groups (Fig 3). These findings are also shown in Fig 1 in comparison to the calculated AA derived with Hofstetters equations. They explained that this was possibly due to the inability of the children to understand the meaning of sustained blur, as the endpoint of the push-up-to-blur technique. Does Hofstetter's equation predict the real amplitude of accommodation The normal age-related visual functions and characteristics of each of these three groups differ and these functions are at par with the visual demands of each age group such as learning at school with the adolescents eye, leaving school and working at a job with the young adults eye, and encountering problems with near vision around age forty with the presbyopic eye. All accepted titles went through an independent abstract screening, which was completed by two reviewers (NN and SB) from the team using an abstract screening tool. Moreover, each category of subjects was further evaluated on the basis of gender and refractive error, and their interaction with one another and with age and ethnicity. PDF A Case of Accommodative Insufficiency with Vergence Disorder in a 17 As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran; amplitude of accommodation; children's vision; visual acuity; visual impairment. Investigation of amplitude of accommodation among Ghanaian school children. Epub 2017 Feb 8. Methods. Repeated measures ANOVA also showed significant differences among sessions for the same age groups (p<0.001 for all groups; Bonferronis post-hoc: S1Comparing Different Methods of Measuring Accommodative Amplitude with Epub 2017 May 17. However, there was no significant AUC in the twenties and forties age groups. Amer J Opt Arch Am A. 2006. At age eight years, it was found to be 14.1D (95% CI, 11.3 to 16.9; I2 = 85.4%) from five studies. For the twenties age group, there were no significant differences between the mean AA measured in all sessions and overall mean. Table 3 shows the appraisal scores of the studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. The measured AA showed significant difference between sessions; however, diurnal variations were greater in the younger groups. Significant differences between the overall mean and mean AA in each session were found in the adolescents age group for S1, which had a lower AA, and S4 which had a higher AA; for the forties group, a significant difference was recorded in S6, which had a lower AA, but no significant difference was found in the twenties group (Table 2). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the discriminating ability to detect differences between the measured AA in each session. In this previous report, the study only presented the frequency of AA measured with the push-up method in the morning and evening (the measuring time was unidentified) and did not provide a detailed analysis of each session. 2020 Sep 11;12:135-149. doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S224216. A retrospective study on presbyopia onset and - ScienceDirect The net change in AA was typically found to be lowest in the midmorning (S1) and gradually increased until midafternoon (S4) and then decreased to a higher value in the evening (S6) than that measured in the morning in the adolescents and twenties age groups. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Accessibility The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Some methods are known to be more reliable than others for measuring AoA in different age categories. The site is secure. MeSH PDF Assessment of amplitude of Accommodation (AA) in Owerri Municipal The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies to provide a complete quality assessment. The sub-group meta-analysis for the six-year-old group shows that the estimate of the pooled mean outcome for AoA was below Hofstetters expected average, with a mean difference of 3.44 D (95% CI: 5.85; 1.04; p = 0.025). and transmitted securely. Studies with populations older than 18 years, with AoA measurements for age ranges instead of individual ages were excluded. AoA was measured using four subjective methods (push-up, push-down, minus lens, and modified push-up) and one objective method, the modified dynamic retinoscopy. 2014). 2019 Oct 24;14(4):474-482. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5455. An official website of the United States government. High Prevalence of Asthenopia among a Population of University Students. 2001. S4 in the twenties group and S2 in the forties group had no discriminative difference in AA compared to other sessions. The incidence of needle stick and sharp injuries and their associations with visual function among hospital nurses. eCollection 2020. Finally, five studies were used for the data extraction. by Hofstetter's formula: 18.5-[(1/3)(age)] for the average expected amplitude of accommodation. Irrelevant studies were then removed, resulting in a total of 235 studies being eliminated after the title and abstract screening using the selection criteria. The measured amplitude of accommodation for the subjects ranged from 8.00 to 25.00 D with a mean of 15.88 3.46 D. The calculated minimum amplitude of accommodation ranged from 11.00 to 13.50 D with a mean of 12.09 0.55 D and the calculated average amplitude of accommodation ranged from 13.17 to 16.50 D with a mean of 14.62 0.73 D. The calculated maximum amplitude of accommodation ranged from 18.60 to 22.60 D with a mean of 20.34 0.88 D. The t-test indicated a significant difference between the measured and calculated minimum, average and maximum amplitudes of accommodation (p < 0.0001). Normal values for amplitude of accommodation among a population of high Purpose: The results were then compared to the expected AoA for these age groups, based on Hofstetters average formula (Hofstetter H 1947). Purpose: Dynamic retinoscopy is an objective technique for assessing maximum accommodative responsivity. 2017 Mar;100(2):162-166. doi: 10.1111/cxo.12431. All abstracts that met the selection criteria at that stage were then subjected to full-text screening, which involved two team members (NM and SB). Diurnal variations of amplitude of accommodation in different age groups. Recent reports question Hofstetters formula and that poor accommodation in children might be relevant for increasing levels of accommodation symptoms and possibly myopia progression. Would you like email updates of new search results? Practitioners should exercise caution in expecting young children to have high amplitudes of accommodation and should use complementary tests to guard against over-diagnosing under-accommodation. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Amplitude of Accommodation in Schoolchildren. The results of this study indicated that the normal values of AA magnitude is lower in Iranian teenagers than that calculated with the Hofstetter . Does Hofstetter's equation predict the real amplitude of accommodation in children? The included participants had best corrected visual acuities of 20/20. National Library of Medicine Epub 2016 Aug 22. The difference between the maximum and minimum mean AA measured in each session for each participant was 3.10 D for the adolescents group, 1.81 D for the twenties group, and 1.03 D for the forties group, with greater difference recorded in younger age groups. and transmitted securely. Linear regressions for maximum and minimum mean AA fell in the middle of Hofstetters equation = 25 (0.4 age) for maximum AA and 15 (0.25 age) for minimum AA. . J Optom. 2019 Jul 18;14(3):306-314. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v14i3.4787. Fig 4 shows ROC curves indicating that S4 had high discrimination ability for the adolescents and twenties groups whereas S2 had a high discrimination ability for the forties group. Clinical measurement of amplitude of accommodation: a review FOIA Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Yekta AA, Ostadimoghaddam H, Forouzesh S, Yazdani N, Khabazkhoob M. Clin Exp Optom. 2020 Jan-Mar;13(1):3-14. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2019.05.002. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. eCollection 2020. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The findings of the meta-analyses show that Hofstetters predicted average for the various age groups overestimates AoA. All age groups showed a high AA during the afternoon hours of the day (1:004:00 p.m.). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Does Hofstetter's equation predict the real amplitude of accommodation Diurnal variation in amplitude of accommodation. The net change in AA increased from the midmorning (S1) until the early afternoon (S3) and then decreased to a lower value in the evening (S6) than that measured in the morning in forties age group (Fig 2). [22] also demonstrated diurnal variations in tonic accommodation in some subjects. Diurnal variations of amplitude of accommodation in different age The measured values were compared with the calculated values (Hofstetter's equations) using the paired t-test and Bland and Altman plots. 2021. Clinical assessment of amplitude of accommodation (AA) involves measuring the ability of the eye to change its optical power and focus on near tasks/objects. However, there was no significant AUC in the forties age group. The comparison of pool estimates of AoA with the expected Hofstetters average formula for the age sub-groups showed significant mean differences for: six-year olds: mean difference of 3.4 D (95% CI: 5.85; 1.04; p = 0.025); nine-year olds: mean difference of 4.1D (95% CI: 7.95; 0.20; p = 0.043); ten-year olds: mean difference of 4.6D (95% CI: 8.57; 0.54; p = 0.035) and 11-year olds: mean difference of 5.2 D (95% CI: 8.06; 2.40; p = 0.005). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal (A) S4 in the adolescents group. The overall mean and the calculated AA were 14.67 D and 13.93 D for the adolescents age group, 11.13 D and 11.54 for the twenties age group, and 5.53 D and 5.80 D for the forties age group; there was little difference between the values of the overall mean AA and calculated AA. The subject was instructed to keep focusing on the target and report when the target became and remained blurred. (no date). Table 2 illustrates the studies that were grouped according to age, ranging from six to 15 years. A University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Developing Research Innovation, Localisation and Leadership in South Africa (DRILL) fellow. Three databases were utilised to source relevant studies viz. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [Google Scholar] 33. The difference between the greatest and the smallest AA for all sessions was 2.80 D for the adolescents group, 1.08 D for the twenties group, and 0.69 D for the forties group, indicating that the difference reduces with increasing age. The amplitude of accommodation in 6-10-year-old children Not as good as expected! Hofstetter; Nigerians; accommodation; children; presbyopia; reading. However, if the normative amplitudes are questionable, this will weaken our clinical prowess to recognise all children with accommodation dysfunction. (A) Adolescents group. The twenty first century society has become more accustomed to working indoors, at distances closer than the normal reach; which may impact the typical functioning of the visual system and, more specifically, the accommodative system of the human eye. Disclaimer. 1) Amplitude measurements (Donder's, minus lens to blur) 2) Fused cross cylinder 3) Relative Accommodation (NRA/PRA) 4) Accommodative facility 5) Monocular Estimated Method Retinoscopy (MEM) *We discuss 1-3 AMPLITUDE OF ACCOMMODATION An official website of the United States government. The mean age of the final sample was 9.24 1.71 years (from six to 12 years) and 53.6 per cent (n = 2,919) were boys. Regarding detection of differences (>1.50 D) among AA values measured in each session, the AUC was least (0.795) for S1 and greatest (0.833) for S4 in all age groups, and least (0.792) for S1 and greatest (0.919) for S4 in adolescents. Comparison of measured with calculated amplitude of accommodation in Nigerian children aged six to 16 years. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. In this study we sought to investigate the diurnal variation of AA in three age groups (adolescents, twenties, and forties) and determine the significance of measuring AA at different times of the day, using the push-up method, which is easily performed for the clinical assessment of accommodative functions. government site. National Library of Medicine The limitation of this study is that the conditions of the eyes such as eye fatigue [38] and the degree of refractive error [39, 40] were not considered before AA measurements. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Abu EK, Ocansey S, Yennu J, Asirifi I, Marfo R. Curr Eye Res. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Their mean refractive errors were 2.83 2.06 D for spherical errors and 0.35 0.53 D for cylindrical errors for the right eye, and 2.51 2.07 D for spherical errors and 0.39 0.58 D for cylindrical errors for the left eye. In subgroup analysis (Figure 3) at age 11, the pooled mean outcome was 12.7D (95% CI, 10.5 to 14.9: I2 = 62.2%) from five studies. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is the Hofstetter's formula for minimum amplitude of accommodation?, What is the Hofstetter's formula for average amplitude of accommodation?, The accommodative system is controlled by the _______ system A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic and more.

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