and transmitted securely. These articles alarmed consumers about the grave consequences of rising quinoa demand for the producing Andean countries such as: loss of biodiversity, conflicts over land, and dietary changes (including westernization of diets and decreasing consumption of quinoa). FFPD firms focus on radical innovation and not incremental innovations as their goals are not to minimize costs and focus on long term goals unlike the current NPD. To obtain a quinoa protein concentrate, a more complex process is used. Saponin and ecdysteroid annotation was based on the fragmentation behavior of the parent ion characteristic for the positive mode, and the mass of the main adduct measured in the negative mode. Vera A., Vargas M., Delgado G. Actividad biolgica de las saponinas de la quinua Chenopodium quinoa W; Proceedings of the IX Congreso Internacional de Cultivos Andinos; Cusco, Peru. The saponin content found in quinoa seeds reported in the literature is presented in Table 7. As a result of these searches 13 articles were explicitly referenced regarding this area. Efficacy of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) saponins against golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in the Philippines under laboratory conditions. It is a good source of calcium, iron, and the vitamins A and C. It is also known as Chenopodium or lamb's quarters. Arts I.C., Hollman P.C. Starch is the main biopolymer constituent of plant organs, and is the most abundant carbohydrate present in the seeds. The names "quinoa" and "quinua" were used in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile (Len, 1964). Article In total, a number of 34 sources were used to form the collection of presented data. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 71, 53335347 (2020). Additional References; ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (CHQU) Integrated Taxonomic Information System (CHQU) . Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Along with the public discourse, academia has been raising a range of issues related to the quinoa booms environmental and social impact. This bitterness has beneficial effects during cultivation, as it deters birds and, therefore, the plant requires minimal protection. Quinoa contains flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, which have powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the body. J. Agric. PI-433378, 10. The experimental pipeline employed for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolome analysis of seeds is represented in Fig. Other polysaccharides that can be extracted from quinoa have also been reported to show biological activities, thus presenting other possible revenue streams [1,36,37]. The mineral content of quinoa seeds of different varieties. Using quinoa flour for noodle production offers an alternative for those who suffer from celiac disease or sensitivity to gluten, as well as creating a product with different organoleptic characteristics than normal noodles. Protoc. Winkel T., Flores R.., Bertero D., Cruz P., del Castillo C., Joffre R., Parada S.P., Tonacca L.S. Scientific Data Plants were thinned after about two weeks by removing unusually weak or strong individuals to leave one plant per location. Adaptation pathways trade-off in the Bolivian Altiplano. In detail, regarding land use change, Chelleri et al. Filho A.M.M., Pirozi M.R., Borges J.T.D.S., Pinheiro SantAna H.M., Chaves J.B.P., Coimbra J.S.D.R. RAFI Quinoa Patent Dropped: Andean Farmers Defeat U.S. University. Feather geranium, or Jerusalem oak goosefoot (Dysphania botrys, formerly C. botrys), has many clusters of small flowers and is occasionally cultivated in gardens. Consequently, side stream processing of waste from quinoa production in agriculture, topical applications, feedstock, and bioenergy has great potential to be expanded upon in the future. La Agricultura Prehistorica en Los Andes Meridionales. 17, 795806 (2006). quinoa (n.) quinoa. S.B. Data on relative humidity, temperature, and rainfall at the experimental site were recorded by the meteorological station at ICBA (Supplementary Table4). Quinoas Calling. However, recently researchers have been calling for a reconsideration of depicting soy production as the capitalist, large-scale farming narrative leaving no place for the recognition of small-scale production. goosefoot, (genus Chenopodium), genus of several weedy salt-tolerant plants belonging to the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), found in temperate regions around the world. [9] Almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. In highland Bolivia, marketization and upgrading would not infect the farmers. The ash contains a diversified profile of minerals including a high content of calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc. Before Graf B.L., Poulev A., Kuhn P., Grace M.H., Lila M.A., Raskin I. Quinoa seeds leach phytoecdysteroids and other compounds with anti-diabetic properties. This was further merged with a keyword search that included (Quinoa market OR Hybrid Economy OR producer and consumer welfare OR Outlook, Neo-liberalism OR Sustainability OR Functional food product development). In France, it was decided to pursue locally produced Quinoa dAnjou, in the Loire area, during the period 20092012 [54]. An ancient crop, the species is thought to have been independently domesticated multiple times throughout its range some 3,0005,000 years ago. A goosefoot (Chenopodium quinoa) native to the Andes and cultivated for its edible seeds. It has been speculated that the Spanish perhaps rejected the crop because of its religious importance to the Indigenous peoples or possibly sampled it without first removing the saponins, the bitter chemicals in the seeds that protect them against being eaten. An MPI-MP in-house reference library was used to identify molecular features allowing 0.005Da mass deviation and dynamic retention time deviation (maximum 0.2min). Edible Ideologies: Representing Food and Meaning. Midsummer frosts during flowering, a frequent occurrence in the Andes, lead to sterilization of the pollen. The tiny seeds, produced in achene fruits, are about 2 mm (0.08 inch) in diameter and can be white, red, yellow, purple, brown, or black. Tabatabaei, I., Alseekh, S., Shahid, M. et al. At this point, there is not yet a defined recommended quinoa cultivar that is more appropriate for use in the noodles and pasta industry [1,32,34,35]. [25][31] In South America, these saponins have many uses, including as a detergent for clothing and washing, and as a folk medicine antiseptic for skin injuries. Furthermore, this enables the community to collect metabolite data of 471 different genotypes to generate a standard metabolome of quinoa. Quinoa | The Nutrition Source - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health It is specifically the dry matter yields that show the most potential given the protein amount and digestibility possibility [4]. The plant is native to the Andean region of South America, where it has been a staple crop for millennia. Rather it would consolidate and may further improve the system, as this mixture of two systems would lead to a hybrid economy i.e., capitalism along with reciprocity [72]. As exemplified by the Bolivian example the quinoa production chain has three main sections: the agricultural production of the grain, its processing, and the production of value-added products. Following the growing demand for aa and market expansion, the internationalization process has begun with businesses appearing outside of Brazil, such as Sambazon from California [100]. Reported values in g 100 g1 fat. Given its cultural and religious links, Spaniards saw it as non-Christian, and therefore looked to replace it with other cereals [4,5,6]. According to a 1979 study, its presumed ancestor is either Chenopodium berlandieri, from North America, or the Andean species Ch. The study notes the expansion of land acreage both in traditional and new producing regions. In conclusion, the tendency to test this crop according to the local productions conditions to expand national markets is on the rise. Quinoa can be grown on various types of soils; nevertheless, the plant responds well to nitrogen fertilization, increasing yields, and protein content of seeds. It is therefore important that future breeding programs include participatory approaches to understand and define breeding objectives that promote the adaptation of cultivars to marginalized conditions; thus, encompassing climatic challenges that smallholders farmers will face in the future, promoting nutritional security for those in threat. After boiling, which is the typical preparation for eating the seeds, quinoa is 72% water, 21% carbohydrates, 4% protein, and 2% fat. is a herbaceous plant, more specifically a tetraploid and halophytic crop. [(accessed on 12 January 2020)]; Garrett R.D., Rausch L.L. [40][41], The genome of quinoa was sequenced in 2017. Additionally, external sources were handpicked from the references list of the referred articles. As stated in Table 10, with the development and implementation of such new technologies, processing capacity was drastically increased [33]. In addition to identifying these potential uses and market value of quinoa, the growing demand driving pressuring market dynamics points out the need to identify the necessary conditions for enhancing a sustainable production of quinoa both from ecological and societal aspects. In order to obtain suitable organoleptic characteristics, a mixture of different flours might be needed (e.g., a mixture with rice flour) [1,6,32]. (C) Principal component analysis (PCA) on saponin data across all genotypes. (quinoa) grains: A good source of phenolic compounds. Then, it goes through a high temperature alkaline extraction (pH 11.5 at 50 C), followed by centrifugation, washing, and centrifugation again. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Phytochemistry 69, 19191926 (2008). note the environmental impacts (e.g., loss of genetic biodiversity and the emergence of difficult-to-control pests) of the quinoa boom related to the cascade effect in traditional producing areas, such as in the Puno region [65] (p. 9). 4, 1546942 (2018). Gandarillas et al. These methods are not deemed sustainable for the environment [56]. It has changed not only in the area of distribution, but also in regards to the climate this plant was originally adapted to, in contrast to the climates on which it is able to successfully grow in now. 3A), which was confirmed by PCA (Fig. Expanded/puffed quinoa is another quinoa product that has been consumed for several millennia. Metabolites were extracted and measured twice to assess metabolic profilings reproducibility. Plant J. Corrections? An example is quinoa scarification, which was being conducted in a peeler that was originally designed for rice scarification. Winkel et al. Pistillate flowers are generally located at the proximal end of the glomeruli and the perfect ones at the distal end of it. Its thick cylindrical stalk can be straight or branching and bears alternate leaves that range from lanceolate (tapering to a point) to roughly triangular. Chenopodium quinoa - Plant Finder - Missouri Botanical Garden Policies on national level are also directed towards safeguarding this heritage, such as in Bolivia, the national policies and the constitution are directed towards safeguarding the national resources, such as seeds and their germplasms [86]. Currently, quinoa as an export product has mainly reached the educated, medium-upper class consumers, who are open to trying new food products and fitting the food trends mentioned above. The crops wide genetic diversity and adaptability are key characteristics of quinoas growing importance in the light of todays global challenges (e.g., climate change) [8]. Note for oval, creamy-white seeds. quinoa var. [16] Dry seeds can be stored raw,[citation needed] until being washed or mechanically processed to remove the pericarp to eliminate the bitter layer containing saponins. The consumption of puffed quinoa however has some drawbacks. Saponins are grouped among the minor components, secondary metabolites, broadly studied due to their biological properties. This review sheds light on how traditional quinoa processing and products evolved and are being adopted into novel food processing and modern food products, as well as noting the potential of side stream processing of quinoa by-products in various industrial sectors. It is higher in nutrients than most grains and is often marketed as a "superfood." Although quinoa. Consequently, this overview is calling for the reconsideration of the crop as a sustainable solution in order to broaden the conceptual framework with putting further focus on socio-economic and environmental impacts in traditional producing countries. Food Rev. The biological functions of saponins in quinoa remain to be investigated. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Companies resorted to the use of adapted technologies, which in turn resulted in efficiency problems along the processing chain. The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy ( / kevi / KAY-vee ), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus Cavia in the family Caviidae. To give an idea of the level of contestation and possible issues rising, suffice it to say that civil reactions due to distrust in marketers and agro-tech have led a minimum of 29 countries including citizens and organizations to file more than 1300 lawsuits against corporate business and government actions within their respective countries and more than 75% were notified in the United States [93]. Family: Amaranthaceae Other common names: (Chinese simplified), (Chin Grown in the Andes for over 7000 years, the last two decades have seen an explosion in popularity for quinoa all over the world. The case of aa berries can provide us a basis for a comparative case study, rather than a cautionary tale. reported an average of 17.2% of dietary fiber in quinoa harvested in the south of Italy. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01399-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01399-y. Quinoa is a nutrient-rich grain that originates from the Andean region of South America. In: Bazile D., Bertero D., Nieto C., editors. Other related grain chenopods are to be found in Mexico, around Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and Peru, and in the Himalayan region [2]. Quinoa - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In particular, quinoa flour can be used to produce quinoa noodles. Moreover, due to its high protein content and amino acid profile, quinoa is suggested to be an alternative to dairy products [23,24]. Furthermore, saponins, a hindrance to the consumption of quinoa but an important added value resource, were not being recovered from the processing of the grain. It is a somewhat weedy plant that typically matures in the wild to 3-6' tall. Reported values in g kg1 of total fatty acids. 280, 110114 (2019). Thus, the relevance of the improving varieties is key towards a sustainable growth and further expansion of quinoa worldwide. 293, 299306 (2019). [46], Since the early 21st century when quinoa became more commonly consumed in North America, Europe, and Australasia where it was not typically grown, the crop value increased. Together with corn (maize) and potatoes, quinoa was a staple to pre-Columbian Inca, Aymara, and Quechua peoples, among others. 1Glomerulate: glomerules are inserted in the primary axis showing a globose shape; 2Intermediate: showing both shapes; 3Amarantiform: glomerules are inserted directly in the secondary axis and have an elongated shape. Normalisation was done to the median of a given metabolite calculated across a set. [45] Quinoa is also cultivated, since an early date, near the coast of northern Chile, where it was grown by the Chinchorro culture. quinoa has changed greatly, mainly by human influence, convenience and preference. Vega-Glvez et al. In: Bazile D., Bertero D., Nieto C., editors. Quinoa grain bran consists of the hull of the grain and the pericarp [4]. 1 and Supplementary Table119). and JavaScript. After obtaining quinoa flakes, these can be used in a wide range of applications in other food products (e.g., juices, soups, pies, or cakes), as they require less cooking time than other grains [32]. Another important . The anti-patent campaign that began 14 months ago ended on May 1st when one of the quinoa inventors admitted that the patent had been abandoned [85]. Technological Progress and Productivity in the Quinoa Sector. [23] There are non-cultivated quinoa plants (Chenopodium quinoa var. It focused on developing the second chain in the production of quinoa, the processing of the grain. As a member of the Amaranthaceae family, quinoa is not a true cereal. Writing-review and editing of final version was done by C.P., F.K., and S.G.-H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Concluding this parallel, in terms of opportunities and threats to sustainable aa production, similar dynamics can be noted as in the case of quinoa, such as income dependence, dietary changes in traditional producing communities, depletion of natural resources and adapting new management and production techniques. assisted with saponin annotation under the supervision of A.S. S.A. performed PCA and clustering analysis under the supervision of A.R.F. Quinoa has several industrial applications due to its high levels of bitter saponins. Am. In the times of uncertainty (i.e., in connection to land use) cooperatives can lead a way in the governance of natural resources [69]. Data on plant height, number of primary branches, number of panicles, main panicle length, plant dry weight, and seed weight were collected after plant maturity. 137, 109574 (2020). Expressionist Refiner MS 12.0 (Genedata, Basel, Switzerland) was used for processing the LC-MS data (https://www.genedata.com/products/expressionist). While different methods exist on policy and market levels, involving the community itself can be a possible strategic path as well in the future of biodiversity conservation and management, in particular with putting emphasis on involving local stakeholders and encouraging participation. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa; /kin.w, kino./,[2][3][4] from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa)[5] is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. Table 1 notes the fiber content of quinoa found in the literature. [28][42] Through traditional selective breeding and, potentially, genetic engineering, the plant is being modified to have higher crop yield, improved tolerance to heat and biotic stress, and greater sweetness through saponin inhibition. In Chiles main quinoa producing areas, a wide genetic variety had been identified with microsatellite analysis, and a field survey was conducted to analyze the management practices of local varieties [61]. Kuljanabhagavad, T., Thongphasuk, P., Chamulitrat, W. & Wink, M. Triterpene saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. /, from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa) is a species of goosefoot (Chenopodium).It is a grain-like crop grown primarily for its edible seeds.. Quinoa is not a real cereal, or grain, but more of a vegetable, as it is not a member of the grass family.As a chenopod, quinoa is closely related to species such as beets, spinach, and . [27], In their natural state, the seeds have a coating that contains bitter-tasting saponins, making them unpalatable. [67] The cuisine of Chilo included bread made of Quinoa until at least the mid-19th century. Giavalisco, P. et al. (The miner also affects the common weed and close relative Chenopodium album, but C.album is much more resistant. Bioversity International, Harvesting Quinoa Diversity with Payment for Agrobiodiversity Conservation Services. Isbell, Editors, Springer New York: New York, NY., 105-120 (2008). Lipids: After extraction, the dried organic phase was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) in positive mode, as described24. This review article reports the outcomes of current research regarding the nutritional and biological prosperities of quinoa, which has been produced in different parts of the world. For this reason, addressing extensive agricultural practices raises the need to tackle the topic of governance of local resources as well [68,69,70]. Controlled Ecological Life Support System, Asociacin Nacional de Productores de Quinua, "The Plant List: A working list of all plant species", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "Assessment of genetic diversity patterns in Chilean quinoa (, Quinoa: Production, Consumption and Social Value in Historical Context, "Can vegans stomach the unpalatable truth about quinoa? Quinoa | SpringerLink This includes among others, the increasing area under cultivation, the phenomenon of farmers opting for mono-cultural agriculture and the replacement of traditional agricultural methods. Our study reports the variability of the metabolome of mature quinoa seeds of a large number of genotypes (471 in total; Supplementary Dataset1, available at figshare19). Quinoa has gained attention for its adaptability to contrasting environments such as saline soils, nutrient-poor soils and drought stressed marginal agroecosystems. Moreover, a systemic literature review was undertaken to analyze the post-harvest technology innovations in recent years. As a consequence, a few inefficiencies were found: there were significant losses of raw material, diminished quality of the grain, increments in production cost due to high specific consumptions of water, electrical energy and gas, high operational costs due to the use of labor force, and production of wastewater residue with high contents of saponins. In this framework McDonell places the International Year of Quinoa as a self-conscious project to foster and strengthen the sociopolitical webs necessary to consolidate quinoas place as the incumbent miracle food [91] (p. 79). The protein content of quinoa grains is higher than other cereals while it has better distribution of essential amino acids. Quinoa biomass can be utilized as fodder in areas where other crops cannot grow at elevated altitudes. The search was divided into two main topics: consumption and production; and other four related sub-topics, namely welfare, nutrition, environment, and market. In FAO & CIRAD. The pearled grain is subject to high temperatures and pressure, and then forcibly expelled, thus causing a sudden pressure drop that makes quinoa pop, releasing its internal moisture in the form of vapor, and therefore expanding into a light product. [(accessed on 22 November 2019)]; Peiretti P.G., Gai F., Tassone S. Fatty acid profile and nutritive value of quinoa (, Nowak V., Du J., Charrondire U.R. [(accessed on 30 October 2019)]; Drucker A.G., Pascual U., Narloch U., Midler E., Soto J.L., Pinto M., Valdivia E., Rojas W. Voluntary payments for the conservation of quinoa diversity: Exploring the role of payments for ecosystem services in the Andes. The bottom panel displays an example of saponin annotation using in-source fragmentation in the positive mode. Furthermore, to provide a perspective on the environmental and social impact of the increasing quinoa demand, a systemic literature review was undertaken. Unequal power relations, funding limitations, technological access, and gaps in the legal framework are making access to fair position in the patenting system very difficult to attain for the farmers of the Global South [89,90]. Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) For ruminating livestock, the leaves and stalks from the harvest can be used without having concern over saponin presence. Due to the physicochemical and biological properties of saponins, these can be used in several commercial applications in the agricultural (e.g., as a bio-insecticide), food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical sectors. ADS As Drucker et al. The aim is to provide a complete review of quinoas production and consumption ends that will help rationalize the decision-making process around its use. [55] State regulation and enforcement may promote a shift to cash-cropping among some farmers and a shift toward subsistence production among others, while enabling many urban refugees to return to working the land, outcomes with complex and varied social effects. Alternautas (Re)Search. The flowering panicles arise from the top of the plant or from leaf axils along the stem. [47] Between 2006 and 2013, quinoa crop prices tripled. D-12140, 15. Mineral content of quinoa and other grains [21,22]. Although early Spanish explorers returned to Europe with maize and potatoes, quinoa was not similarly introduced. Italy is also predicted to have a shortage of water in the near future (alongside a quality deterioration of water and other forms of abiotic stresses, as a result of climate change). Additionally, Sayer wrote: I use the term moral economy both to describe a system of livelihood institutions and practices and as a mode of inquiry that is oriented to the study of how economic activities of all kinds are influenced and structured by moral dispositions and norms, and how in turn those norms may be compromised, overridden or reinforced by economic pressures [72] (page 78). [29] The genetic control of bitterness involves quantitative inheritance. The production and market for aa berry is similar to the ones of quinoa from many aspects. Reduction of saponins has been a breeding target and in the future may also be achieved with biotechnological methods, such as genome editing. Mark-Herbert C. Innovation of a new product categoryFunctional foods. Hence, this dataset may be used in breeding programs when selecting specific genotypes with desirable metabolite profiles that may benefit product quality. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change: A review. A common problem these countries face is a system that has a weak market or lack thereof, risk-averse behavior shown by farmers, and a major lack of knowledge and technical diffusion. Quinoa was also called . Furthermore, in combination with the availability of genome sequences, the data can be used for functional genomics- and metabolite-based genome-wide association studies (mGWAS) to dissect the genetic basis of quinoa seed metabolism. M.W. Moreover, when quinoa by-products are utilized for feed of non-ruminating livestock, studies have concluded that the proportion of quinoa must not be greater than 30% of the diet [4]. Consequently, a change in diet has also been emphasized by the UN and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a section of their special report in 2019, as a way to reduce the land clearing and the consequences of animal agriculture [47]. The plant has been cultivated for about 5000 years and is indigenous to the Andean region of South America, specifically Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Peru. The genus name Chenopodium is composed of two words coming from the Greek ,-, goose and , podion "little foot", or "goose foot", because of the resemblance of the leaves with the trace of a crow's foot.[14]. identified in the study nine communities in the southern Bolivian Altiplano a growing llama population together with an invasion of these animals to the quinoa fields due to the decreased land and other lands of great ecological value [64] (p. 2234). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) | Feedipedia [citation needed] The addition of phosphorus does not improve yield. Ames 13749, 3. Such high demand has also led to international conflicts such as the smuggling of quinoa across borders. Tschopp M. The quinoa boom and the commoditisation debate: Critical reflections on the re-emergence of a peasantry in the Southern Altiplano. As it can be seen in Table 1, the ash content of quinoa seeds ranges from 2.4% to 4.8%. Plant Materials, Growth Conditions, and Stress Treatments. Exp. This variability in cultivation location and altitude, as well as rainfall regimes, has led to a high biodiversity of quinoa species, given that growing conditions are different for each location and thus plant adaptation was required [1]. Eisenstein M. Is Quinoa a Solution for Food Security and Economic Growth in Bolivia? In the State of the Art Report of Quinoa in the World in 2013 the authors explain the booms lack of appreciable impact on the genetic diversity as: (i) different kinds of quinoa have continued to be used locally for a wide range of food preparations (Table 11), as well as for medicinal and ritual uses; (ii) the commercial product, Quinoa Real, is identified with a set of diverse varieties which were traditionally cultivated and which have now found a market: white grain quinoa, dark grain quinoa, and quinoa for puffed grains [63] (p. 365). Biodiversity of Andean Grains: Balancing Market Potential and Sustainable Livelihoods. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Winnowing consists of the separation of Jipi or perigonium and biomass from the commercial grain. MetaboLights https://www.ebi.ac.uk/metabolights/MTBLS2382 (2022). 9697). Firstly, the fat-free germ or embryo has to be isolated. Quinoa: An Incan Crop to Face Global Changes in Agriculture. Possible solutions for protecting biodiversity in these times of increased demand need to be proposed. Lastly, based on its protein and starch content, quinoa may be used for production of edible films as well as an emulsion stabilizer agent, namely for Pickering emulsions [34]. Breeding programs conducted in the last decades have led to the development of various cultivars adapted to different agroecological conditions, aiming maximized yields. Eleven different morphological traits were recorded to assess the variation among the quinoa genotypes (including two species related to quinoa).

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